PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) Charge Controllers are cost-effective solar charge regulators that manage the flow of electricity from solar panels to batteries by gradually reducing the charging current as the battery approaches full capacity. This helps prevent overcharging, prolong battery life, and maintain safe operation. PWM controllers are most efficient when the solar panel voltage closely matches the battery voltage, making them ideal for small to medium-sized solar systems and budget-friendly installations. While they are simpler and more affordable than MPPT controllers, their energy conversion efficiency is generally lower, especially in variable weather or when using higher-voltage panels.